Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part A (2024)

Background: Pregnancy, while often celebrated, can also be marked by significant psychological challenges, including antenatal depression (AND). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of AND among pregnant women attending primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Baghdad, Iraq.

Methods: A cross-sectional design with 697 participants was employed. Pregnant women in their second or third trimester attending selected PHCs were recruited. Data collection utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire and the validated Arabic Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, psychological history, and behavioral history were assessed. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used for analysis.

Results: The prevalence of AND was 33.3%, highlighting a substantial public health concern. Younger mothers (under 30) and those with lower educational attainment were at higher risk. Housewives, compared to employed women, exhibited a significantly higher AND rate. Interestingly, socioeconomic status and the husband's age were not significantly associated with AND. Past smoking, exposure to domestic violence, and personal or family history of mental disorders emerged as significant risk factors. The study found no significant difference in AND prevalence across trimesters. However, a history of cesarean section, carrying a female fetus, and irregular prenatal care were associated with a higher risk of AND. Additionally, multiple pregnancy complications, subfertility, and unplanned pregnancies were linked to increased AND prevalence.

Conclusions: This study establishes AND as a prevalent issue in Baghdad, Iraq. It identifies various risk factors, including socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, mental health history, pregnancy experiences, and access to prenatal care. A multi-faceted approach addressing these factors is necessary. The study recommends implementing evidence-based interventions, tailoring them to the cultural context of Baghdad. Further research with broader demographics and longitudinal designs is warranted to refine understanding and develop effective strategies for maternal mental well-being.